The correct option is (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
The judicial system in India acts as an independent arbiter to settle disputes arising under the law. It provides a comprehensive mechanism for resolving conflicts involving various stakeholders, ranging from private individuals to federal units.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The judiciary resolves disputes between citizens. These typically involve civil matters (such as property or contract disputes) and criminal cases, which are adjudicated by Subordinate Courts, High Courts, and the Supreme Court.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The judiciary resolves disputes between citizens and the government. If a law or administrative action violates the rights of a citizen, they can approach the courts (High Courts under Article 226 or the Supreme Court under Article 32) for remedy.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Disputes between two or more state governments are resolved by the judiciary. Specifically, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction under Article 131 of the Constitution to settle such federal disputes.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Disputes between the Union (Centre) and one or more state governments also fall under the mechanism of dispute resolution. Like inter-state disputes, these are exclusively adjudicated by the Supreme Court under its original jurisdiction.
Key Takeaway:
The Indian Judiciary is a unified system empowered to resolve legal conflicts at all levels, including private disputes between citizens and federal disputes involving the Centre and States (Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court).