The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Density is a fundamental physical property representing the degree of compactness of a substance. It is determined by the mass of the particles and how closely they are packed together in a given volume. The arrangement of particles differs across the three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Density is scientifically defined as mass per unit volume ($\rho = m/V$). It quantifies how much matter is contained within a specific space.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: In general, solids have a higher density than liquids. In solids, constituent particles are tightly packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement with minimal intermolecular space. In liquids, particles are less tightly packed and have greater freedom of movement, resulting in a larger volume for the same mass compared to solids. Therefore, solids are typically denser than liquids.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Water exhibits anomalous behavior. When water freezes to form ice, the hydrogen bonds create a rigid, open cage-like lattice structure. This structure occupies a larger volume than the same mass of liquid water. Consequently, ice has a lower density than liquid water, allowing it to float.
Key Takeaway:
While solids are generally denser than liquids due to tighter particle packing, water is a significant exception where the solid form (ice) is less dense than the liquid form due to its specific hydrogen-bonded structure.