The correct option is (a).
Explanation
A simple pendulum consists of a mass (bob) suspended by a string. Its oscillation involves the continuous transformation of energy between Potential Energy (PE) and Kinetic Energy (KE). In an ideal system (ignoring air resistance and friction), the total mechanical energy remains constant throughout the motion.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The motion of a simple pendulum is a classic illustration of the law of conservation of energy. As the pendulum swings, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and vice versa. The sum of kinetic and potential energy at any point in its path remains constant.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: At the extreme positions, the pendulum bob momentarily comes to rest before changing direction. Since velocity is zero at these points, the Kinetic Energy is zero (minimum), while the Potential Energy is maximum due to the maximum height relative to the mean position.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: At the mean (equilibrium) position, the bob is at its lowest vertical point. Therefore, the Potential Energy is minimum (often taken as zero). At this point, the velocity of the bob is maximum, resulting in maximum Kinetic Energy.
Key Takeaway:
In a simple harmonic oscillator like a pendulum, energy oscillates between kinetic and potential forms. Kinetic Energy is maximum at the mean position, while Potential Energy is maximum at the extreme positions.