Aryabhatta
Explanation
Ancient Indian astronomy (Jyotisha) made profound contributions to the understanding of the Solar System, particularly during the classical period. This era saw the shift from Vedanga Jyotisha to mathematical astronomy.
Analysis of Options:
- Aryabhatta (Correct): He was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age (5th Century CE). In his magnum opus, the Aryabhatiya, he propounded that the Earth rotates on its axis, calculated the sidereal year with high precision, and provided a scientific explanation for solar and lunar eclipses (shadows of the Earth and Moon), rejecting prevailing mythological views.
- Varahamihira: He was also a renowned astronomer and polymath who authored the Panchasiddhantika (a compendium of five astronomical systems) and the Brihat Samhita. While a correct candidate for an astronomer, Aryabhatta is chronologically the pioneer of the scientific astronomical tradition in the Gupta period.
- Bhaskara: This could refer to Bhaskara I (7th century) or Bhaskara II (12th century). Both were celebrated astronomers who expanded on Aryabhatta’s work. However, Aryabhatta is the foundational figure in this lineage.
- Sushruta: He was a celebrated physician and surgeon of ancient India, known as the "Father of Surgery" and author of the Sushruta Samhita. He is unrelated to astronomy.
Key Takeaway:
Aryabhatta is the celebrated ancient Indian astronomer known for proposing the rotation of the Earth and laying the mathematical foundations of Indian astronomy.