Correct Option
The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The physical states of matter-solid, liquid, and gas-are defined by the arrangement, intermolecular forces, and kinetic energy of their constituent particles. The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains these properties based on particle motion and interaction.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement (a) is Correct: In solids, the intermolecular forces of attraction are very strong, holding particles closely packed in a fixed lattice structure. Consequently, the particles cannot move freely and only vibrate about their fixed mean positions.
- Statement (b) is Correct: In liquids, the intermolecular forces are weaker than in solids. This allows the particles to possess sufficient energy to overcome rigid bonding, enabling them to move and slide over one another. This characteristic imparts fluidity to liquids.
- Statement (c) is Correct: In gases, the intermolecular forces are negligible. The particles move randomly at high speeds in all directions, resulting in a complete lack of order in their arrangement.
- Statement (d) is Incorrect: Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of particles. Since particles in a liquid have greater freedom of movement compared to the tightly bound particles in a solid, the kinetic energy of particles in a liquid is higher than in a solid. The general order of kinetic energy for a substance is Gas > Liquid > Solid.
Key Takeaway: The kinetic energy of particles is directly related to their freedom of movement. It is lowest in solids (vibration only), higher in liquids (sliding motion), and highest in gases (random, rapid motion).