The correct option is 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Mixed farming is a type of agriculture that involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock. It is one of the most common agricultural systems found in the highly developed parts of the world, such as North-western Europe, Eastern North America, and parts of the Eurasian temperate latitudes.
- Statement 1 is correct: The defining characteristic of mixed farming is the integration of crop cultivation and livestock rearing on the same farm. Common livestock includes cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry, which are raised alongside crops like wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize.
- Statement 2 is correct: Mixed farming facilitates efficient soil fertility management. Crop residues are used as feed for animals, and animal waste (manure) is returned to the fields as organic fertilizer. Additionally, crop rotation and intercropping practices associated with this system help maintain soil health.
- Statement 3 is correct: Fodder crops are an important component of mixed farming. Since livestock rearing is integral to the system, cultivating fodder crops alongside food crops is necessary to ensure a consistent food supply for the animals.
- Statement 4 is incorrect: Mixed farming does not exclude mechanisation. On the contrary, in developed regions, mixed farming is highly capital-intensive and involves significant use of farm machinery, modern equipment, and extensive building infrastructure for livestock.
Key Takeaway: Mixed farming is a system that combines crop production with livestock rearing to ensure economic stability and soil fertility; it is often highly mechanized and capital-intensive in developed economies.