The correct option is (d).
Explanation
Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and the early 1990s. Under this regime, the white minority government enacted laws to separate races in almost every aspect of daily life, ensuring the supremacy of the white population and the subjugation of non-white groups.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953), public facilities were strictly segregated. This included bus stops, where separate waiting areas were designated based on race.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Hospitals and medical services were segregated. Facilities for white people were well-resourced, while hospitals for black people were underfunded, overcrowded, and lacked essential equipment.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Public transport systems, including trains and buses, were segregated. Non-whites were often barred from using "whites-only" carriages or were relegated to inferior sections of the transport network.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Emergency services, including ambulances, were segregated. An ambulance designated for white people would generally not service black patients, and the quality of emergency care available to non-whites was significantly lower.
Key Takeaway
The Apartheid system enforced comprehensive segregation across all public spheres, including transport, healthcare, education, and recreational facilities, legally mandating separate and unequal treatment for different racial groups.