The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Water transport is recognized as a cost-effective, fuel-efficient, and environment-friendly mode of transportation, particularly suitable for bulky and hazardous goods. However, its utilization in India's freight modal mix varies significantly compared to land-based transport.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Coastal shipping does not account for the largest share of India's internal freight traffic. Road transport is the dominant mode, accounting for approximately 65% of freight movement, followed by railways (around 27%). Coastal shipping and inland waterways combined constitute a much smaller share (approximately 6% to 7%).
- Statement 2 is Correct: Inland waterways are considered an environmentally friendly mode of transport. They have a significantly lower carbon footprint and emit fewer greenhouse gases per tonne-kilometer compared to road and rail transport.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Water transport is inherently more energy-efficient for heavy cargo. It consumes less fuel per tonne-kilometer than road or rail transport. This makes it the preferred mode for transporting low-value, high-volume bulk commodities such as coal, iron ore, cement, and food grains.
Key Takeaway: While water transport is the most energy-efficient and eco-friendly mode for heavy bulk cargo, road transport currently holds the majority share of India's internal freight traffic.