The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The agricultural practices in India prior to the Green Revolution (mid-1960s) are characterized as traditional farming. This system relied on indigenous inputs and natural methods of production, contrasting significantly with the modern farming techniques introduced later involving High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds and chemical inputs.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Before the mid-1960s, farmers used traditional seeds that had been preserved from previous harvests. While these seeds were often resilient to local pests and diseases, they possessed relatively low yield potential compared to the scientifically developed HYV seeds introduced during the Green Revolution.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Traditional farming did not rely on chemical fertilizers. Instead, farmers used natural organic fertilizers such as cow dung, compost, and green manure to maintain soil fertility. The widespread use of chemical fertilizers began with the adoption of modern farming methods to support nutrient-intensive HYV seeds.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Traditional seeds were generally adapted to local climatic conditions and rain-fed agriculture, requiring less irrigation. In contrast, HYV seeds are water-intensive and require assured and abundant irrigation to produce optimal yields.
Key Takeaway:
Traditional farming is characterized by the use of low-yield indigenous seeds, reliance on natural manure (cow dung), and lower irrigation requirements, whereas modern farming involves HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and intensive irrigation.