The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Forest stratification refers to the vertical arrangement of vegetation into distinct layers based on the height, canopy structure, and light requirements of plants. This multi-layered structure allows different plants to survive by utilizing resources at different heights.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The top layer of a forest is known as the canopy (or emergent layer in dense rainforests). It is constituted by giant and tall trees whose branches and leaves form a roof-like structure over the other plants, intercepting the majority of sunlight.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Shrubs and tall grasses do not form the lowest layer. They constitute the understory or shrub layer, which is situated below the canopy of tall trees but above the ground vegetation.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The lowest layer of vegetation in a forest is the herb layer (or ground layer). This layer consists of small herbs, ferns, and short grasses that grow closest to the forest floor, where sunlight penetration is minimal.
Key Takeaway:
The vertical stratification of a forest typically follows this order from top to bottom: Trees (Canopy) → Shrubs and Tall Grasses (Understory) → Herbs (Lowest Layer).