The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Post-harvest management involves the proper processing and storage of food grains to prevent spoilage. The primary objective is to protect the produce from biotic factors (insects, rodents, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (moisture, temperature) to ensure long-term preservation.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Freshly harvested grains typically contain high moisture levels. If stored without drying, the moisture promotes the growth of fungi and bacteria, leading to spoilage and loss of germination capacity. Therefore, grains must be dried (usually in the sun) to reduce moisture content before storage.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Large-scale storage is never conducted in open fields without protection, as this would expose grains to rain, humidity, and pests. Instead, grains are stored in specialized structures such as silos and granaries to protect them from pests like rats and insects.
- Statement 3 is Correct: At the domestic level, dried neem leaves are commonly used for storing food grains. Neem possesses natural pesticidal and insect-repellent properties that help protect the grains from infestation during storage.
Key Takeaway:
The critical requirements for safe grain storage are the reduction of moisture content to inhibit microbial growth and the use of protective barriers (silos, granaries, or natural repellents) against pests.