The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Human capital formation involves investing in the population to enhance their productivity and skills. Health expenditure is a fundamental source of human capital formation, as a healthy labour force is more productive. This expenditure takes various forms, including preventive, curative, and social medicine, as well as the provision of basic amenities.
Statement 1 is Incorrect: Preventive medicine refers to medical practices designed to avert and avoid disease. Vaccination is a classic example of preventive medicine, as it immunizes individuals against specific diseases, thereby preventing illness before it occurs.
Statement 2 is Correct: Social medicine refers to the field of medicine that deals with the spread of health literacy and the influence of social and economic conditions on health. It involves educating the public about health practices. It does not refer to the use of medicine for social gatherings.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The provision of clean drinking water and proper sanitation is intrinsically linked to health expenditure. Investments in these areas are critical for preventing waterborne diseases and maintaining public health, making them a vital component of health-related spending for human capital formation.
Key Takeaway: Health expenditure as a source of human capital formation encompasses preventive medicine (vaccination), curative medicine (treatment during illness), social medicine (health literacy), and the provision of clean drinking water and sanitation.