The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Forests provide critical ecosystem services classified as regulating services. These include the regulation of hydrological cycles, atmospheric composition, and local microclimates through various biological and physical processes.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Forests are integral to the water cycle. Through transpiration, trees release water vapor into the atmosphere, which increases humidity and contributes to cloud formation and precipitation. Forest floors also slow down surface runoff, allowing water to percolate into the soil and recharge groundwater.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Forests have a profound influence on air quality. They act as natural filters by absorbing gaseous pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) and trapping particulate matter on their leaves. Additionally, through photosynthesis, they release oxygen, which is vital for aerobic life.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Forests help regulate local temperatures. The forest canopy absorbs and reflects solar radiation, providing shade that keeps the soil and air beneath cooler. Furthermore, the process of evapotranspiration absorbs heat from the environment, creating a cooling effect on the surrounding air.
Key Takeaway: Forests function as essential climate regulators by maintaining the hydrological cycle through transpiration, improving air quality by sequestering carbon and pollutants, and moderating local temperatures via shading and evaporative cooling.