The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Revolt of 1857 was fueled by a deep atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. Rumours and prophecies played a significant role in mobilizing people, as they tapped into fears regarding British interference in the religious and social customs of Indians.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The specific rumour circulating during this period alleged that the British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour (atta) sold in the market. There was no widespread rumour regarding "iron filings." The fear was rooted in the concept of religious pollution and loss of caste, which bone dust (associated with taboo animals) would cause, whereas iron filings do not carry the same religious connotation.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The panic regarding the adulterated flour was not confined to the military cantonments. It spread rapidly to the bazaars and towns, affecting ordinary civilians. The rumour reinforced the belief that the British government was determined to destroy the caste and religion of both Hindus and Muslims to convert them to Christianity.
- Statement 3 is Correct: British officers and administrators made several attempts to allay these fears and assure the sepoys and the public that the flour was pure. However, the distrust of British intentions was so deep-seated that these assurances were largely ineffective, and the sepoys remained convinced of a conspiracy against their faith.
Key Takeaway:
Rumours about bone dust in flour and greased cartridges were potent triggers for the Revolt of 1857 because they directly threatened the religious purity and caste status of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys and civilians.