The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Preparation of soil involves loosening and turning the soil, which is the fundamental first step in agriculture. This process, often achieved through tilling or ploughing, modifies the physical structure of the soil to support plant development.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Loosening the soil reduces compaction rather than increasing it. It creates a porous structure that allows roots to penetrate deep into the ground easily. Furthermore, loose soil enables roots to breathe by facilitating gas exchange, which is restricted in compact soil.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Nutrients in the topsoil can become depleted over time. Turning the soil brings nutrient-rich soil from the lower layers to the surface. This ensures that plants can access and utilize these essential nutrients for healthy growth.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Loosened soil improves aeration and moisture retention, creating an ideal environment for the growth of earthworms and beneficial soil microbes. These organisms are critical as they further decompose organic matter to add humus to the soil and assist in maintaining soil structure.
Key Takeaway: Soil preparation (tilling) is essential to improve soil aeration, facilitate deep root penetration, redistribute nutrients to the topsoil, and support the biological activity of earthworms and microbes.