Correct Option
The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22), launched by Mahatma Gandhi, marked the transition of the Indian National Movement from a middle-class, urban-based agitation to a mass-based struggle. It combined the Khilafat issue with the demand for Swaraj, utilizing methods like the boycott of government institutions, courts, and foreign goods.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: One of the key programs of the movement was the boycott of law courts by lawyers. Many prominent legal practitioners gave up their lucrative practices to join the movement. Notable leaders included Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T. Prakasam, and Rajendra Prasad.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The boycott of foreign cloth was arguably the most successful part of the movement. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth, and merchants pledged not to deal in foreign goods. Consequently, the value of the import of foreign cloth fell drastically from Rs 102 crore in 1920–21 to Rs 57 crore in 1921–22.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Unlike earlier movements which were restricted to the educated urban elite, the Non-Cooperation Movement saw widespread participation from various sections of society. It spread deep into the countryside, involving peasants, tribals, and workers. For example, peasants in Awadh, tribals in Andhra, and plantation workers in Assam actively participated, interpreting "Swaraj" in their own local contexts.
Key Takeaway: The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first true mass movement in Indian history, successfully expanding the base of nationalism beyond the urban elite to include peasants and workers, while inflicting significant economic impact through the boycott of foreign goods.