Correct Option
The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Indian Constitution establishes a single, integrated judicial system structured hierarchically like a pyramid. At the apex stands the Supreme Court, followed by High Courts at the state level, and a vast network of Subordinate Courts at the district and lower levels.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The structure of the Indian judiciary is pyramidal. There is a single Supreme Court at the apex level for the entire country. In contrast, there are numerous courts at the lower levels (Subordinate Courts) comprising District Courts and other lower courts to handle the volume of litigation.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Subordinate courts are not restricted to state capitals. They are established in districts and towns throughout the state to ensure that justice is accessible to citizens at the grassroots level. State capitals typically house the High Court (though benches may exist elsewhere), but subordinate courts are widespread.
- Statement 3 is Correct: For the purpose of judicial administration, each state is divided into districts. The highest judicial authority within a district is the District Court, which is presided over by a District Judge. The District Judge possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters in the district.
Key Takeaway: The Indian judiciary operates as a unified hierarchy with the Supreme Court at the summit. Subordinate courts are decentralized across districts under the supervision of a District Judge, ensuring widespread judicial presence beyond state capitals.