The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
According to the kinetic theory of matter, particles constituting matter are in continuous motion. The magnitude of this motion, and consequently the kinetic energy, depends on the strength of intermolecular forces and the temperature of the substance.- Statement 1 is Correct: In the gaseous state, intermolecular forces of attraction are weakest (negligible). This allows particles to move freely and randomly at high speeds in all directions. Therefore, particles in the gaseous state possess the maximum kinetic energy.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The kinetic energy of particles is directly proportional to temperature. As the temperature rises, thermal energy is transferred to the particles, causing them to move or vibrate faster. Consequently, the kinetic energy increases, rather than decreases, with a rise in temperature.
- Statement 3 is Correct: In solids, intermolecular forces are strongest, holding particles closely together in fixed positions. The particles can only vibrate about their mean positions and do not have translational motion. As a result, particles in solids possess the minimum kinetic energy compared to liquids and gases.
Key Takeaway: The hierarchy of kinetic energy among the states of matter is Gas > Liquid > Solid. Additionally, kinetic energy is a function of temperature; increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles.