The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states are interconvertible, meaning a substance can change from one state to another. This interconversion is primarily governed by changes in temperature and pressure, which alter the kinetic energy of particles and the strength of intermolecular forces.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1: Correct
Temperature is a fundamental factor that determines the state of a substance. Increasing temperature generally increases the kinetic energy of particles, causing solids to melt into liquids and liquids to vaporize into gases. Conversely, lowering temperature promotes solidification and condensation. While pressure also plays a role, temperature is a primary determinant of phase changes.
- Statement 2: Incorrect
At standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm), water is not restricted to the liquid state. Its state depends on the temperature:
- Below 0°C, water exists as a solid (ice).
- Between 0°C and 100°C, it exists as a liquid.
- Above 100°C, it exists as a gas (steam).
- Statement 3: Correct
The process of conversion of a substance from its liquid state to its solid state is scientifically termed solidification (or freezing). This occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered to its freezing point.
Key Takeaway: The physical state of matter is determined by the interplay of temperature and pressure. Water at standard pressure can exist as solid, liquid, or gas depending on the temperature.