The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Geographical Determinants of Population
Population distribution is significantly influenced by physical factors such as relief, climate, water availability, and soil quality. Soil fertility is a critical determinant of agricultural productivity, which directly impacts the carrying capacity of a region.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Areas with fertile loamy soils are highly conducive to agriculture because they possess a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, ensuring adequate drainage and nutrient retention. Consequently, these regions (e.g., the Indo-Gangetic Plains) can support intensive cultivation, attracting more people and resulting in higher population concentrations.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Fertile soils generally support intensive agriculture, where high inputs of labor and capital are applied to small landholdings to maximize yield. This type of agriculture supports a high population density. In contrast, extensive agriculture involves large landholdings with low labor input and is typically found in regions with moderate population densities (e.g., the Prairies or Steppes), not necessarily the most fertile river valleys. Thus, fertile soils do not limit population density; they enhance it.
Key Takeaway:
Fertile soils support intensive subsistence agriculture, which allows for high population densities, whereas poor or less fertile soils often necessitate extensive agriculture or nomadic herding, resulting in lower population densities.