The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Vegetation cover, particularly forests on hillsides, plays a critical role in the hydrological cycle and soil conservation. Trees act as natural barriers that intercept rainfall, reduce the velocity of surface runoff, and facilitate the infiltration of water into the soil.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Cutting trees (deforestation) reduces the soil's ability to absorb water. Roots of trees create channels in the soil that allow rainwater to percolate down, recharging the water table. When trees are removed, surface runoff increases, and infiltration decreases, leading to a depletion rather than preservation of groundwater.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In the absence of vegetation, there is no canopy to intercept rain or roots to bind the soil. Consequently, rainwater flows rapidly down the bare slopes of mountains without obstruction, often carrying topsoil with it (soil erosion).
- Statement 3 is Correct: The rapid flow of water from bare hillsides increases the volume and velocity of water entering river channels and streams downstream. This sudden influx exceeds the carrying capacity of riverbanks, leading to flash floods and inundation of low-lying areas.
Key Takeaway:
Deforestation on hillsides accelerates surface runoff and soil erosion while reducing groundwater recharge, thereby increasing the frequency and intensity of floods in downstream low-lying areas.