The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The mechanism of a safety matchstick relies on a specific chemical reaction triggered by the heat of friction. To ensure safety, the combustible components and the ignition initiator are separated between the match head and the striking surface. Historically, white phosphorus was used but was replaced due to its toxicity.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The head of a modern safety matchstick does not contain white phosphorus. White phosphorus is highly unstable and poisonous. Instead, the match head typically contains a mixture of antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate. The striking surface contains powdered glass and a little red phosphorus (which is much less dangerous).
- Statement 2 is Correct. Potassium chlorate ($KClO_3$) present in the match head acts as a strong oxidizing agent. When the match is struck against the surface, the friction generates enough heat to convert some red phosphorus (on the surface) into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with potassium chlorate to release oxygen and generate sufficient heat to ignite the fuel.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. Antimony trisulphide ($Sb_2S_3$) acts as the fuel (combustible substance) in the match head, not the oxidizing agent. It catches fire due to the heat produced by the reaction between the red phosphorus (converted from the strip) and the potassium chlorate.
Key Takeaway:
In a safety matchstick, the match head contains Potassium Chlorate (oxidizer) and Antimony Trisulphide (fuel), while the rubbing surface contains Red Phosphorus. White phosphorus is not used in safety matches.