The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, interact with plants in various ways. While some are beneficial, acting as biofertilizers, others act as pathogens causing diseases that impact agricultural productivity and food security.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Microorganisms are capable of causing diseases in a wide variety of crops, including wheat and rice. Common examples include Rust of wheat (caused by fungi), Blast of rice (caused by fungi), and Bacterial leaf blight of rice (caused by bacteria).
- Statement 2 is Correct: Pathogenic infections damage plant tissues, disrupt physiological processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport, and stunt growth. Consequently, these diseases significantly reduce the overall yield and quality of the crops.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Plant diseases caused by microbes can be managed and controlled. The application of specific chemicals, such as fungicides, bactericides, and other pesticides, is a standard agricultural practice to kill the pathogens or inhibit their growth.
Key Takeaway:
Microorganisms act as potent plant pathogens causing diseases like Wheat Rust and Citrus Canker, which reduce crop yield but can be controlled using chemical agents.