The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The Gondwana system of sediments refers to a specific geological sequence found across various landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. These sediments serve as critical lithological evidence supporting the Theory of Continental Drift, suggesting that these landmasses were once united as the supercontinent Gondwanaland.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Gondwana system of sediments found in India is known to have counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. These include Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica, and Australia, along with India. This geological similarity across separated continents suggests a shared history.
- Statement 2 is Correct: At the base, the Gondwana system is characterized by thick tillite deposits, not lava flows. Tillite is a sedimentary rock formed out of glacial deposits. This indicates extensive and prolonged glaciation during the Carboniferous period, rather than volcanic activity.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The system provides strong evidence of palaeoclimates. The presence of glacial tillites in landmasses that are currently located in tropical or subtropical zones (such as India and Africa) indicates that these regions once experienced a cold climate, suggesting they were positioned near the South Pole before drifting apart.
Key Takeaway:
The Gondwana system of sediments is defined by basal tillite (glacial) deposits found across multiple Southern Hemisphere continents. This distribution is a primary evidence for Continental Drift and paleoclimatic changes.