Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
India follows a federal structure of governance where financial and administrative powers are distributed among the Union, State, and Local governments. This division extends to social infrastructure sectors such as education and health, governed by the Seventh, Eleventh, and Twelfth Schedules of the Constitution.
Statement-wise Analysis
Statement 1 is Correct.
Expenditure on social services like education and health is incurred by both the Union and State Governments.
- Education: It is a subject in the Concurrent List (Entry 25) of the Seventh Schedule (moved from the State List by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976). Therefore, both the Centre and States have the power to legislate and spend on it.
- Health: "Public health and sanitation" is primarily a subject in the State List (Entry 6). However, the Union Government plays a significant role through Centrally Sponsored Schemes (e.g., National Health Mission) and spending on medical education and population control (Concurrent List).
Statement 2 is Incorrect.
Local governments, including Municipal Corporations and Panchayats, have a constitutionally mandated role in education and health.
- The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act added the Twelfth Schedule, which lists the functions of Urban Local Bodies. Entry 13 of this schedule mentions the "Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects."
- In practice, many Municipal Corporations (e.g., in Delhi and Mumbai) operate primary and secondary schools as well as public health facilities.
Statement 3 is Correct.
The Constitution of India explicitly delineates the functions and responsibilities of different levels of government:
- Union and States: The Seventh Schedule divides powers into the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
- Local Governments: The Eleventh Schedule (29 functional items for Panchayats) and the Twelfth Schedule (18 functional items for Municipalities) specify the domains, including education and health, where powers and responsibilities may be devolved to local bodies.
Key Takeaway
Education is a Concurrent subject, while Public Health is primarily a State subject. However, the Constitution (via the 73rd and 74th Amendments) and fiscal practice ensure that the Centre, States, and Local Bodies all participate in funding and managing these sectors.