The correct option is (d) Neither 1 nor 2.
Explanation
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, establishes the structural framework for Panchayati Raj Institutions. Article 243C specifically governs the composition of Panchayats and the manner of election for Chairpersons at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Constitution does not mandate that the Sarpanch (Chairperson at the village level) be elected by Ward Members from among themselves. While indirect election is constitutionally compulsory for Chairpersons at the intermediate and district levels, it is not the fixed rule for the village level.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Constitution does not explicitly mandate that the Sarpanch be elected directly by the members of the Gram Sabha. Instead, Article 243C(5) empowers the State Legislature to determine the mode of election for the village-level Chairperson by law. Consequently, the method varies across states; some adopt direct elections, while others may adopt indirect elections.
Key Takeaway:
The mode of election for the Chairperson of a Panchayat at the village level is left to the discretion of the State Legislature. In contrast, the Chairpersons at the intermediate and district levels must be elected indirectly by and from amongst the elected members.