The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. This process is fundamentally driven by the kinetic energy of the particles.- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Heating a liquid provides energy to the particles, causing them to move faster. This rapid movement facilitates the intermixing of solid particles into the liquid. Therefore, heating increases the rate of diffusion, rather than decreasing it. For instance, crystals of potassium permanganate diffuse much faster in hot water than in cold water.
- Statement 2 is Correct: According to the kinetic theory of matter, the temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of its particles. When a substance is heated, the thermal energy is absorbed by the particles and converted into kinetic energy, causing them to vibrate or move more vigorously.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Since diffusion relies on the random motion of particles, any factor that increases particle speed will enhance the rate of diffusion. As established, a rise in temperature increases kinetic energy and particle speed; consequently, the rate of diffusion becomes faster as temperature rises.
Key Takeaway: Temperature and the rate of diffusion are directly proportional. An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in faster diffusion.