The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. The total amount of water on Earth remains essentially constant, distributed among oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and the atmosphere.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: A significant portion of the precipitation that falls on land returns to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration (evaporation from surfaces and transpiration from plants). Estimates suggest this figure is approximately 59%, while the remainder flows as surface runoff or infiltrates as groundwater.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Water is not permanently lost to space. The Earth functions as a closed system regarding mass; water is recycled through the hydrological cycle. The "remainder" of the water mentioned flows into oceans, lakes, or aquifers, rather than escaping Earth's gravity.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The oceans hold the largest percentage of Earth's water, accounting for approximately 97% of the total volume. Glaciers and ice caps hold only about 2% (though they represent the majority of the planet's fresh water).
Key Takeaway: The vast majority of planetary water is saline and stored in the oceans. The hydrological cycle ensures water is conserved within the Earth-atmosphere system and is not lost to space.