Correct Option
The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The distribution of temperature on Earth is primarily determined by the amount of incoming solar radiation (insolation) received at different latitudes. While latitude is a major control, local factors such as urbanization also significantly influence temperature patterns.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The amount of insolation received at the Earth's surface is not uniform. It is maximum near the equator and decreases towards the poles. This occurs because the sun's rays fall vertically over the equator (covering a smaller area with higher intensity) and obliquely over the poles (covering a larger area with lower intensity).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Since insolation is the primary source of heat for the Earth, the temperature distribution closely follows the pattern of insolation. Consequently, temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles, rather than increasing.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island effect. Concrete, asphalt, and buildings absorb more heat during the day and release it slowly at night. Additionally, the vertical structure of high-rise buildings traps warm air and reduces wind flow, further elevating temperatures compared to open, vegetated villages.
Key Takeaway: Global temperature distribution is inversely related to latitude, decreasing from the equator to the poles due to the angle of solar incidence. Locally, anthropogenic factors like concrete structures create "Urban Heat Islands," making cities warmer than rural areas.