The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Seed dispersal is the mechanism by which plant seeds are transported to new sites for germination and the establishment of new individuals. This process is vital for the survival of plant species as it influences the population structure and geographic distribution of plants.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: If seeds were to fall and germinate directly underneath the parent plant, the resulting seedlings would face intense competition for limited resources such as sunlight, water, and soil minerals. Seed dispersal mitigates this issue by distributing offspring over a wider area, thereby reducing competition between the parent plant and its seedlings, as well as among the seedlings themselves.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Seed dispersal does not restrict plants to their original habitat; rather, it facilitates the colonization of new areas. By transporting seeds to distant locations, plants can expand their distribution range and invade new habitats, which is essential for the long-term survival and evolution of the species.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Dispersal ensures that seeds are spread to various locations, increasing the probability that some will land in environments favorable for germination and growth. This spatial distribution acts as a survival strategy against localized threats such as diseases, pests, or overcrowding.
Key Takeaway
Significance of Seed Dispersal: The primary biological advantages of seed dispersal are the reduction of intraspecific competition for resources and the facilitation of species expansion into new geographical habitats.