The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Maize is a significant crop used both as food and fodder. While primarily a Kharif crop in India, it is cultivated during the Rabi season in states like Bihar. Its growth is heavily dependent on specific climatic and soil conditions.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Maize requires a moderate temperature range for optimal growth. The ideal temperature for maize cultivation is between 21°C to 27°C. Extremely high or low temperatures can adversely affect the crop yield.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Maize grows best in old alluvial soil. It requires well-drained fertile soils and is sensitive to waterlogging and high salinity. Saline soils generally hinder the germination and growth of maize.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The production of maize in India has seen an upward trend due to the adoption of modern agricultural inputs. The use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, and assured irrigation has significantly contributed to increased productivity in major maize-producing states like Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar.
Key Takeaway: Maize is a food and fodder crop requiring temperatures between 21°C and 27°C and well-drained old alluvial soil. It is not suitable for saline soils.