The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
To answer this question, it is necessary to distinguish between fertilizers and manure. While both are used to enhance soil productivity, they differ significantly in their source, composition, and long-term impact on soil health.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Fertilizers are generally inorganic salts or commercially synthesized organic compounds (such as urea) prepared in factories. The description "natural organic substances obtained from the decomposition of cattle dung and plant residues" refers to manure, not fertilizers.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Fertilizers are manufactured to be nutrient-specific and concentrated. They are very rich in essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). In contrast, manure contains nutrients in small quantities and is primarily used to add organic matter (humus) to the soil.
- Statement 3 is Correct. While fertilizers increase crop yields in the short term, their continuous and excessive use can degrade soil health. It can alter the soil chemistry (making it too acidic or alkaline), reduce soil porosity, and harm beneficial soil microorganisms, ultimately making the soil less fertile.
Key Takeaway
Fertilizers are nutrient-rich, factory-made inorganic substances that do not provide humus to the soil. Manure is a natural, humus-rich organic substance obtained from decomposition that improves soil texture but is less nutrient-dense.