The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The seed is the fertilized ovule formed after sexual reproduction in plants. It consists of a seed coat, an embryo, and often an endosperm. The seed coat is the protective outer covering of the seed, derived from the integuments of the ovule.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The primary function of the seed coat is to protect the delicate embryo inside from mechanical injury, desiccation (drying out), and microbial invasion. It ensures the embryo remains viable until conditions are favorable for germination.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The seed coat is formed from the integuments of the ovule. The ovary wall develops into the pericarp (fruit wall), not the seed coat.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The seed coat does not promote germination in the absence of water. In fact, a hard or impermeable seed coat often induces dormancy by preventing water and oxygen entry. Germination strictly requires water (imbibition) to activate enzymes and metabolic processes; it cannot occur in the absence of water.
Key Takeaway
Post-fertilization changes: The ovule develops into the seed (integuments become the seed coat), while the ovary develops into the fruit (ovary wall becomes the pericarp).