The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The history and development of matchsticks revolve around the chemistry of combustion and the safe utilization of phosphorus allotropes. Modern safety matches are designed to separate reactive chemical components to prevent accidental ignition and ensure user safety.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Historical records indicate that approximately 5,000 years ago, small pieces of pinewood dipped in sulphur were utilized as primitive matches in ancient Egypt.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Modern safety matches do not use white phosphorus on the matchstick head. White phosphorus proved to be highly toxic and dangerous for manufacturing workers. Instead, the head of a modern safety match contains a mixture of antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Red phosphorus is chemically stable and significantly less dangerous than white phosphorus. In modern safety matches, red phosphorus is applied to the rubbing surface (the side of the matchbox) mixed with powdered glass. Upon striking, friction converts a small amount of red phosphorus into white phosphorus, which immediately reacts with potassium chlorate to ignite the match head.
Key Takeaway:
Modern safety matches avoid the use of toxic white phosphorus. The matchstick head contains Antimony Trisulphide and Potassium Chlorate, while the rubbing surface contains Red Phosphorus.