The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Indian Constitution establishes an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts at the state level and Subordinate Courts at the district level. The appellate system is the mechanism that connects these tiers, ensuring a unified legal structure.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The existence of an appellate system indicates that the Indian judiciary is integrated and unified, not divided. In India, a single system of courts enforces both central and state laws. This contrasts with a federal judicial system (like in the USA), where separate federal and state courts exist independently. The appellate hierarchy binds the lower courts to the higher courts.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The core function of the appellate system is to allow a case to move from a lower court to a higher court. If a litigant is unsatisfied with a judgment delivered by a lower court, they have the right to appeal to a higher court for a review of the decision.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India. Under its appellate jurisdiction (Articles 132, 133, 134, and 136), it has the authority to hear appeals against the judgments of High Courts. Consequently, it can review, uphold, modify, or reverse decisions made by the High Courts.
Key Takeaway:
The Indian judiciary is an integrated system where the Supreme Court stands at the summit. The appellate system ensures that decisions of lower courts can be challenged in higher courts, maintaining uniformity in the interpretation of the law.