The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
ABO blood grouping is a classification system for human blood based on the presence or absence of specific hereditary antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). This system is critical for the safe practice of blood transfusion.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce an immune response), namely Antigen A and Antigen B. These antigens are located on the surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs), not White Blood Cells (WBCs).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The plasma of different individuals contains natural antibodies (proteins produced in response to antigens). The immune system produces antibodies against the antigens that are absent on the individual's own RBCs. For example, an individual with Blood Group A (Antigen A) will have anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Blood transfusion requires careful matching of the donor's and recipient's blood groups. If incompatible blood is transfused (e.g., giving Group A blood to a Group B recipient), the recipient's antibodies will react with the donor's antigens, causing agglutination (clumping) and destruction of RBCs, which can be fatal.
Key Takeaway
ABO blood grouping is determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs and corresponding antibodies in the plasma. Compatibility checks are mandatory before transfusion to prevent severe immune reactions known as agglutination.