The correct option is 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Migration is driven by two distinct sets of forces: Push factors, which compel individuals to leave their place of residence due to distress or unfavorable conditions, and Pull factors, which attract individuals to a new destination due to better prospects.
Analysis of Factors:
- 1. Unemployment (Correct): This is a primary push factor. The lack of livelihood opportunities in the place of origin forces people to migrate out in search of work.
- 2. Epidemics (Correct): Health crises, diseases, and epidemics create unsafe living environments, compelling populations to leave their homes for safer areas.
- 3. Socio-economic backwardness (Correct): General underdevelopment, poverty, and a lack of infrastructure or basic amenities in the place of origin act as push factors, driving people away.
- 4. Better job opportunities (Incorrect): This is a Pull factor. The prospect of better employment attracts migrants to a destination; it is not a negative condition forcing them out of their origin.
Key Takeaway:
Push factors are negative circumstances associated with the place of origin (e.g., political turmoil, natural disasters, poverty), whereas Pull factors are positive attributes associated with the place of destination (e.g., peace, stability, higher wages).