The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Concave mirrors and convex lenses are both converging optical devices. They exhibit similar image formation characteristics, producing either real or virtual images depending on the position of the object relative to the focal point.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Neither a concave mirror nor a convex lens always forms virtual images. Both form real and inverted images when the object is placed beyond the focus (object distance > focal length). They form virtual images only when the object is placed within the focal length. It is the convex mirror and concave lens that always form virtual images regardless of object distance.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Both devices form a virtual, erect, and magnified image when the object is placed close to the optical device (specifically, between the pole/optical center and the principal focus). This property is utilized in shaving mirrors (concave mirror) and magnifying glasses (convex lens).
- Statement 3 is Correct. Both are classified as converging devices. A concave mirror converges parallel rays of light to a point upon reflection, while a convex lens converges parallel rays of light to a point upon refraction.
Key Takeaway:
Concave mirrors and convex lenses are converging instruments that can form both real and virtual images. In contrast, convex mirrors and concave lenses are diverging instruments that always form virtual, diminished images.