The correct option is 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Demographic Transition Theory explains the relationship between economic development and population growth. It outlines the transition of a society from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates. In the Third Stage, the population stabilizes or grows very slowly due to significant socio-economic changes.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Third Stage is associated with a shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial and service-based economy. Consequently, the population becomes highly urbanised as people move to cities for employment and better living standards.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Societies in this stage possess high technical know-how. Advanced technology is applied in various sectors, including healthcare and industry, which contributes to low mortality rates and economic prosperity.
- Statement 3 is Correct: There is a deliberate control of family size. Due to improved healthcare, the survival of children is assured, and the economic cost of raising children increases. Coupled with the availability of contraceptives and family planning measures, birth rates decline significantly.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The Third Stage is characterized by high literacy levels, not illiteracy. Widespread education, especially among women, is a primary driver for the reduction in fertility rates. High illiteracy is a characteristic of the First Stage (pre-industrial society).
Key Takeaway
The Third Stage of Demographic Transition is marked by low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in a stable or slowly growing population. Its defining social features include high urbanization, high literacy, advanced technology, and deliberate family planning.