Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The efficiency of different modes of transportation is determined by factors such as cost, speed, distance, and the nature of the cargo. Each mode has a comparative advantage depending on whether the movement involves short or long distances, and whether the goods are bulky, perishable, or high-value.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Road transport is generally the most economical and efficient mode for short-distance travel, not the most expensive. It offers door-to-door service and flexibility, avoiding the high terminal and handling costs associated with rail or air transport for short hauls. Rail transport becomes more cost-effective only over longer distances due to economies of scale.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Air transport is the fastest mode of travel but also the most expensive. Consequently, it is best suited for high-value, low-volume, and light goods (such as electronics or diamonds) and perishable items (such as flowers or pharmaceuticals) where speed is critical to maintaining value.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Ocean transport (maritime shipping) is the cheapest mode for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances. It handles the vast majority (approximately 80-90% by volume) of international trade because of its capacity to move large quantities of raw materials and manufactured goods efficiently across continents.
Key Takeaway
Road transport is ideal for short distances and door-to-door delivery; Rail and Ocean transport are best for long-distance bulk cargo; and Air transport is specialized for high-value, light, or perishable goods requiring speed.