The correct option is (d).
Explanation
In a representative democracy, citizen participation extends beyond the periodic exercise of voting. Active citizenship involves engaging with the political process to voice grievances, express opinions, and hold the government accountable for its decisions and policies.
Analysis of Methods:
- 1. Dharnas (Sit-ins): Correct. Dharnas are a form of peaceful protest where citizens occupy a space to highlight a cause or demand government action.
- 2. Rallies: Correct. Rallies involve mass gatherings and processions used to demonstrate public support for or opposition to specific policies.
- 3. Signature campaigns: Correct. This method involves collecting signatures from a large number of people to petition the government, signaling widespread concern over an issue.
- 4. Strikes: Correct. Strikes involve the collective refusal to work or participate in specific activities to protest against government actions or unjust conditions.
These methods are explicitly recognized in foundational texts on democratic governance as means by which people participate in the functioning of the government.
Key Takeaway:
Democracy allows for various forms of political expression and dissent, such as protests, campaigns, and movements, ensuring the government remains responsive to the people between elections.